1 Wenzel T. (1995). Analysis of national pay-as-you-drive insurance systems and other variable driving charges. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
2 Jump up ^ "Green Slips". New South Wales Government, Motor Accidents Authority.
3 Jump up ^ Insurance Bureau of Canada. Ibc.ca (1 January 2003).
4 Jump up ^ The Green Card Insurance System Hungary. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
5 Jump up ^ PT. Jasa Raharja | Asuransi Kecelakaan Lalulintas Jalan dan Penumpang Umum. Jasaraharja.co.id.
6 Jump up ^ Road Traffic Act, 1933, Section 61. 193.178.1.79.
7 Jump up ^ Road Traffic Act, 1961. 193.178.1.79 (29 July 1961).
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9 Jump up ^ "How we're funded". Accident Compensation Corporation. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
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11 Jump up ^ "Petrol Structure". Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa. Retrieved 11 May 2006.
12 Jump up ^ "South African Road Accident Fund Act of 1996". South African Government. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
13 Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/52/contents
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15 Jump up ^ DVLA Vehicle Licensing Online. Taxdisc.direct.gov.uk.
16 Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vehicle-tax-changes
17 Jump up ^ "Basic Ratemaking" (Article). Casualty Actuarial Society. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
18 Jump up ^ "What determines the price of my policy?". Insurance Information Institute. Retrieved 11 May 2006.
19 Jump up to: a b Cendrowicz, Leo (2 March 2011) E.U. Court to Insurers: Stop Making Men Pay More, Time.com.
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21 Jump up ^ "How Points on Your Driver's Licence Affect Your Auto Insurance Premiums".
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23 Consumers. Cengage Learning. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-538-44888-8. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
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25 Jump up ^ "Progressive's "pay-as-you-drive" auto insurance poised for wide rollout". insure.com. Retrieved 11 May 2006.
26 Jump up ^ Smartphone-Based Measurement Systems for Road Vehicle Traffic Monitoring and Usage-Based Insurance, P. Händel, J. Ohlsson, M. Ohlsson, I. Skog, and E. Nygren, IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, [1]
27 Jump up ^ P. Handel, I. Skog, J. Wahlstrom, F. Bonawide, R. Welsh, J. Ohlsson, and M. Ohlsson: Insurance telematics: opportunities and challenges with the smartphone solution, Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, vol.6, no.4, pp. 57-70, winter 2014, doi: 10.1109/MITS.2014.2343262
27 Jump up to: a b "Snapshot, Snapshot Discount: Pay As You Drive (PAYD)". Progressive.com.
28 Jump up ^ Parker, Tim. "How Auto Insurance By The Mile Works". Investopedia.
29 Jump up ^ Constine, Josh. "Metromile Launches Per-Mile Car Insurance That Could Save Californians 40%". TechCrunch.
30 Jump up ^ "Need Credit or Insurance? Your credit scores helps determine how much you will pay". ftc.gov. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
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32 Jump up ^ Davis, Harold (21 May 2009) 'Black Box' idea travels to cars.
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34 Jump up ^ Lerner, Michele (20 September 2011). "Auto repair insurance pledges to pay your breakdown bills". Fox Business. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Auto insurance, Gap insurance, Health insurance, Income protection insurance, Casualty, Life, Burial insurance, Property, Liability, Credit, Other types, Insurance financing vehicles, Closed community and government self-insurance,
See also
- Alcohol exclusion laws
- Assigned risk
- Damage waiver for rental cars
- Extended coverage
- Family purpose doctrine
- Health insurance
- International Motor Insurance Card System
- Insurance Information and Enforcement System
- Omnibus clause
- Automobile costs
Repair insurance
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2012)
Some drivers opt to buy the insurance as a means of protection against costly breakdowns unrelated to an accident. In contrast to more standard and basic coverages such as comprehensive and collision insurance, auto repair insurance does not cover a vehicle when it is damaged in a collision, during a natural disaster or at the hands of vandals.[citation needed]
For many it is an attractive option for protection after the warranties on their cars expire.
Providers can also offer sub-divisions of auto repair insurance. There is standard repair insurance which covers the wear and tear of vehicles, and naturally occurring breakdowns. Some companies will only offer mechanical breakdown insurance, which only covers repairs necessary when breakable parts need to be fixed or replaced. These parts include transmissions, oil pumps, pistons, timing gears, flywheels, valves, axles and joints
Behavior-based insurance
The use of non-intrusive load monitoring to detect drunk driving and other risky behaviors has been proposed.[32] A US patent application combining this technology with a usage based insurance product to create a new type of behavior based auto insurance product is currently open for public comment on peer to patent.[33] See Behavior-based safety. Behaviour based Insurance focusing upon driving is often called Telematics or Telematics 2.0 in some cases monitoring focus upon behavioural analysis such as smooth driving.
Credit ratings
Insurance companies have started using credit ratings of their policyholders to determine risk. Drivers with good credit scores get lower insurance premiums, as it is believed that they are more financially stable, more responsible and have the financial means to better maintain their vehicles. Those with lower credit scores can have their premiums raised or insurance canceled outright.[30] It has been shown that good drivers with spotty credit records could be charged higher premiums than bad drivers with good credit records
OBDII-based system
The Progressive Corporation launched Snapshot to give drivers a customized insurance rate based on recording how, how much, and when their car is driven.[27] Snapshot is currently available in 46 states plus the District of Columbia. Because insurance is regulated at the state level, Snapshot is currently not available in Alaska, California, Hawaii, and North Carolina.[27] Driving data is transmitted to the company using an on-board telematic device. The device connects to a car's OnBoard Diagnostic (OBD-II) port (all petrol automobiles in the USA built after 1996 have an OBD-II.) and transmits speed, time of day and number of miles the car is driven. Cars that are driven less often, in less-risky ways, and at less-risky times of day, can receive large discounts. Progressive has received patents on its methods and systems of implementing usage-based insurance and has licensed these methods and systems to other companies.
Metromile also uses an OBDII-based system for their mileage-based insurance. They offer a true pay-per-mile insurance where behavior or driving style is not taken into account, and the user only pays a base rate along with a fixed rate per mile.[28] The OBD-II device measures mileage and then transmits mileage data to servers. This is intended to be an affordable car insurance policy for low-mileage drivers. Metromile is currently only offering personal car insurance policies and is available in California, Oregon, Washington, and Illinois
Metromile also uses an OBDII-based system for their mileage-based insurance. They offer a true pay-per-mile insurance where behavior or driving style is not taken into account, and the user only pays a base rate along with a fixed rate per mile.[28] The OBD-II device measures mileage and then transmits mileage data to servers. This is intended to be an affordable car insurance policy for low-mileage drivers. Metromile is currently only offering personal car insurance policies and is available in California, Oregon, Washington, and Illinois
GPS-based system
In 1998, the Progressive Insurance company started a pilot program in Texas, in which drivers received a discount for installing a GPS-based device that tracked their driving behavior and reported the results via cellular phone to the company.[24] Policyholders were reportedly more upset about having to pay for the expensive device than they were over privacy concerns.[citation needed] The program was discontinued in 2000. In following years many policies (including Progressive) have been tried and successfully introduced worldwide into what are referred to as Telematic Insurance. Such 'telematic' policies typically are based on black-box insurance technology, such devices derive from stolen vehicle and fleet tracking but are used for insurance purposes. Since 2010 GPS-based and Telematic Insurance systems have become more mainstream in the auto insurance market not just aimed at specialised auto-fleet markets or high value vehicles (with an emphasis on stolen vehicle recovery). Modern GPS-based systems are branded as 'PAYD' Pay As You Drive insurance policies, 'PHYD' Pay How You Drive or since 2012 Smartphone auto insurance policies which utilise smartphones as a GPS sensor, e.g. .[25] A detailed survey of the smartphone as measurement probe for insurance telematics is provided in
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