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Terminology

See also: Road collision types

Traffic collisions can be classified by general type. Types of collision include head-on, road departure, rear-end, side collisions, and rollovers.

A traffic collision from 1952

Many different terms are commonly used to describe vehicle collisions. The World Health Organization use the term road traffic injury,[4] while the U.S. Census Bureau uses the term motor vehicle accidents (MVA),[5] and Transport Canada uses the term "motor vehicle traffic collision" (MVTC).[6] Other common terms include auto accident, car accident, car crash, car smash, car wreck, motor vehicle collision (MVC), personal injury collision (PIC), road accident, road traffic accident (RTA), road traffic collision (RTC), road traffic incident (RTI), road traffic accident and later road traffic collision, as well as more unofficial terms including smash-up, pile-up, and fender bender.

A rolled over box truck being
handled by firefighters in Jakarta, Indonesia

Some organizations have begun to avoid the term "accident". Although auto collisions are rare in terms of the number of vehicles on the road and the distance they travel, addressing the contributing factors can reduce their likelihood. For example, proper signage can decrease driver error and thereby reduce crash frequency by a third or more.[7] That is why these organizations prefer the term "collision" to "accident". In the UK the term "incident" is displacing "accident" in official and quasi-official use.[8][9]

Historically in the United States, use of terms other than "accidents" had been criticized for holding back safety improvements, based on the idea that a culture of blame may discourage the involved parties from fully disclosing the facts, and thus frustrate attempts to address the real root causes

Traffic collision

A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision (MVC), traffic accident, motor vehicle accident, car accident, automobile accident, road traffic collision, road traffic accident, wreck, car crash, or car smash occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole. Traffic collisions may result in injury, death and property damage.

A head-on collision involving two vehicles

Classification and external resources

Specialty Emergency medicine
ICD-10 V89.2 or V99
ICD-9-CM E810 - E819
MeSH D000063

A number of factors contribute to the risk of collision, including vehicle design, speed of operation, road design, road environment, and driver skill, impairment due to alcohol or drugs, and behavior, notably speeding and street racing. Worldwide, motor vehicle collisions lead to death and disability as well as financial costs to both society and the individuals involved.

Road injuries occurred in about 54 million people in 2013.[1] This resulted in 1.4 million deaths in 2013, up from 1.1 million deaths in 1990.[2] About 68,000 of these occurred in children less than five years old.[2] Almost all high-income countries have decreasing death rates, while the majority of low-income countries have increasing death rates due to traffic collisions. Middle-income countries have the highest rate with 20 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, 80% of all road fatalities by only 52% of all vehicles. While the death rate in Africa is the highest (24.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), the lowest rate is to be found in Europe (10.3)

Contents

1 Terminology

2 Health effects
2.1 Psychological
2.2 Physical

3 Causes
3.1 Human factors
3.2 Road design
3.3 Vehicle design and maintenance

4 Prevention
4.1 United Nations

5 Epidemiology
5.1 Crash rates
5.2 Fatality

6 History

7 Society and culture
7.1 Economic costs
7.2 Legal consequences
7.3 Art

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

External links

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Categories: Vehicle insurance Types of insurance Automobile costs

References

1 Wenzel T. (1995). Analysis of national pay-as-you-drive insurance systems and other variable driving charges. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.

2 Jump up ^ "Green Slips". New South Wales Government, Motor Accidents Authority.

3 Jump up ^ Insurance Bureau of Canada. Ibc.ca (1 January 2003).

4 Jump up ^ The Green Card Insurance System Hungary. Retrieved 11 November 2014.

5 Jump up ^ PT. Jasa Raharja | Asuransi Kecelakaan Lalulintas Jalan dan Penumpang Umum. Jasaraharja.co.id.

6 Jump up ^ Road Traffic Act, 1933, Section 61. 193.178.1.79.

7 Jump up ^ Road Traffic Act, 1961. 193.178.1.79 (29 July 1961).

8 Jump up ^ "Am I covered?". Accident Compensation Corporation. Retrieved 23 December 2011.

9 Jump up ^ "How we're funded". Accident Compensation Corporation. Retrieved 23 December 2011.

10 Jump up ^ "Poliţele RCA se scumpesc în 2009 cu 10 până la 30%". Realitatea (in Romanian). 6 March 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.

11 Jump up ^ "Petrol Structure". Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa. Retrieved 11 May 2006.

12 Jump up ^ "South African Road Accident Fund Act of 1996". South African Government. Retrieved 4 December 2009.

13 Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/52/contents

14 Jump up ^ Stay insured: penalties for vehicles without motor insurance : Directgov – Motoring. Direct.gov.uk.

15 Jump up ^ DVLA Vehicle Licensing Online. Taxdisc.direct.gov.uk.

16 Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vehicle-tax-changes

17 Jump up ^ "Basic Ratemaking" (Article). Casualty Actuarial Society. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

18 Jump up ^ "What determines the price of my policy?". Insurance Information Institute. Retrieved 11 May 2006.

19 Jump up to: a b Cendrowicz, Leo (2 March 2011) E.U. Court to Insurers: Stop Making Men Pay More, Time.com.

20 Jump up ^ "Auto Insurance for Teens". autoinsurancetips.com. 21 April 2009.

21 Jump up ^ "How Points on Your Driver's Licence Affect Your Auto Insurance Premiums".

22 Jump up ^ Miller, Roger LeRoy and Stafford, Alan D. (16 January 2009). Economic Education for

23 Consumers. Cengage Learning. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-538-44888-8. Retrieved 6 September 2011.

24 Jump up ^ "Cents Per Mile Now". centspermilenow.org. Retrieved 11 May 2006.

25 Jump up ^ "Progressive's "pay-as-you-drive" auto insurance poised for wide rollout". insure.com. Retrieved 11 May 2006.

26 Jump up ^ Smartphone-Based Measurement Systems for Road Vehicle Traffic Monitoring and Usage-Based Insurance, P. Händel, J. Ohlsson, M. Ohlsson, I. Skog, and E. Nygren, IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, [1]

27 Jump up ^ P. Handel, I. Skog, J. Wahlstrom, F. Bonawide, R. Welsh, J. Ohlsson, and M. Ohlsson: Insurance telematics: opportunities and challenges with the smartphone solution, Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, vol.6, no.4, pp. 57-70, winter 2014, doi: 10.1109/MITS.2014.2343262

27 Jump up to: a b "Snapshot, Snapshot Discount: Pay As You Drive (PAYD)". Progressive.com.

28 Jump up ^ Parker, Tim. "How Auto Insurance By The Mile Works". Investopedia.

29 Jump up ^ Constine, Josh. "Metromile Launches Per-Mile Car Insurance That Could Save Californians 40%". TechCrunch.

30 Jump up ^ "Need Credit or Insurance? Your credit scores helps determine how much you will pay". ftc.gov. Retrieved 9 January 2010.

31 Jump up ^ "Bad Credit worse than bad driving". Wall Street Journal. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2010.

32 Jump up ^ Davis, Harold (21 May 2009) 'Black Box' idea travels to cars.

33 Jump up ^ US patent application 20090063201 "SoberTeen driving insurance". Peertopatent.org (20 May 2009).

34 Jump up ^ Lerner, Michele (20 September 2011). "Auto repair insurance pledges to pay your breakdown bills". Fox Business. Retrieved 27 November 2011.

Repair insurance

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2012)

Auto repair insurance is an extension of car insurance available in all 50 of the United States that covers the natural wear and tear on a vehicle, independent of damages related to a car accident.

Some drivers opt to buy the insurance as a means of protection against costly breakdowns unrelated to an accident. In contrast to more standard and basic coverages such as comprehensive and collision insurance, auto repair insurance does not cover a vehicle when it is damaged in a collision, during a natural disaster or at the hands of vandals.[citation needed]

For many it is an attractive option for protection after the warranties on their cars expire.

Providers can also offer sub-divisions of auto repair insurance. There is standard repair insurance which covers the wear and tear of vehicles, and naturally occurring breakdowns. Some companies will only offer mechanical breakdown insurance, which only covers repairs necessary when breakable parts need to be fixed or replaced. These parts include transmissions, oil pumps, pistons, timing gears, flywheels, valves, axles and joints

Behavior-based insurance

The use of non-intrusive load monitoring to detect drunk driving and other risky behaviors has been proposed.[32] A US patent application combining this technology with a usage based insurance product to create a new type of behavior based auto insurance product is currently open for public comment on peer to patent.[33] See Behavior-based safety. Behaviour based Insurance focusing upon driving is often called Telematics or Telematics 2.0 in some cases monitoring focus upon behavioural analysis such as smooth driving.

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